.. _faq: === FAQ === WSGI Bits ========= How do I set SCRIPT_NAME? ------------------------- By default ``SCRIPT_NAME`` is an empty string. The value could be set by setting ``SCRIPT_NAME`` in the environment or as an HTTP header. Server Stuff ============ How do I reload my application in Gunicorn? ------------------------------------------- You can gracefully reload by sending HUP signal to gunicorn:: $ kill -HUP masterpid How might I test a proxy configuration? --------------------------------------- The Hey_ program is a great way to test that your proxy is correctly buffering responses for the synchronous workers:: $ hey -n 10000 -c 100 http://127.0.0.1:5000/ This runs a benchmark of 10000 requests with 100 running concurrently. How can I name processes? ------------------------- If you install the Python package setproctitle_ Gunicorn will set the process names to something a bit more meaningful. This will affect the output you see in tools like ``ps`` and ``top``. This helps for distinguishing the master process as well as between masters when running more than one app on a single machine. See the proc_name_ setting for more information. Why is there no HTTP Keep-Alive? -------------------------------- The default Sync workers are designed to run behind Nginx which only uses HTTP/1.0 with its upstream servers. If you want to deploy Gunicorn to handle unbuffered requests (ie, serving requests directly from the internet) you should use one of the async workers. .. _Hey: https://github.com/rakyll/hey .. _setproctitle: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/setproctitle .. _proc_name: settings.html#proc-name Worker Processes ================ How do I know which type of worker to use? ------------------------------------------ Read the :ref:`design` page for help on the various worker types. What types of workers are there? -------------------------------- Check out the configuration docs for worker_class_. How can I figure out the best number of worker processes? --------------------------------------------------------- Here is our recommendation for tuning the `number of workers`_. How can I change the number of workers dynamically? --------------------------------------------------- TTIN and TTOU signals can be sent to the master to increase or decrease the number of workers. To increase the worker count by one:: $ kill -TTIN $masterpid To decrease the worker count by one:: $ kill -TTOU $masterpid Does Gunicorn suffer from the thundering herd problem? ------------------------------------------------------ The thundering herd problem occurs when many sleeping request handlers, which may be either threads or processes, wake up at the same time to handle a new request. Since only one handler will receive the request, the others will have been awakened for no reason, wasting CPU cycles. At this time, Gunicorn does not implement any IPC solution for coordinating between worker processes. You may experience high load due to this problem when using many workers or threads. However `a work has been started `_ to remove this issue. .. _worker_class: settings.html#worker-class .. _`number of workers`: design.html#how-many-workers Why I don't see any logs in the console? ---------------------------------------- In version 19.0, Gunicorn doesn't log by default in the console. To watch the logs in the console you need to use the option ``--log-file=-``. In version 19.2, Gunicorn logs to the console by default again. Kernel Parameters ================= When dealing with large numbers of concurrent connections there are a handful of kernel parameters that you might need to adjust. Generally these should only affect sites with a very large concurrent load. These parameters are not specific to Gunicorn, they would apply to any sort of network server you may be running. These commands are for Linux. Your particular OS may have slightly different parameters. How can I increase the maximum number of file descriptors? ---------------------------------------------------------- One of the first settings that usually needs to be bumped is the maximum number of open file descriptors for a given process. For the confused out there, remember that Unices treat sockets as files. .. warning:: ``sudo ulimit`` may not work Considering non-privileged users are not able to relax the limit, you should firstly switch to root user, increase the limit, then run gunicorn. Using ``sudo ulimit`` would not take effect. Try systemd's service unit file, or an initscript which runs as root. How can I increase the maximum socket backlog? ---------------------------------------------- Listening sockets have an associated queue of incoming connections that are waiting to be accepted. If you happen to have a stampede of clients that fill up this queue new connections will eventually start getting dropped. :: $ sudo sysctl -w net.core.somaxconn="2048" How can I disable the use of ``sendfile()`` ------------------------------------------- Disabling the use ``sendfile()`` can be done by using the ``--no-sendfile`` setting or by setting the environment variable ``SENDFILE`` to 0. Troubleshooting =============== How do I fix Django reporting an ``ImproperlyConfigured`` error? ---------------------------------------------------------------- With asynchronous workers, creating URLs with the ``reverse`` function of ``django.core.urlresolvers`` may fail. Use ``reverse_lazy`` instead. .. _blocking-os-fchmod: How do I avoid Gunicorn excessively blocking in ``os.fchmod``? -------------------------------------------------------------- The current heartbeat system involves calling ``os.fchmod`` on temporary file handlers and may block a worker for arbitrary time if the directory is on a disk-backed filesystem. For example, by default ``/tmp`` is not mounted as ``tmpfs`` in Ubuntu; in AWS an EBS root instance volume may sometimes hang for half a minute and during this time Gunicorn workers may completely block in ``os.fchmod``. ``os.fchmod`` may introduce extra delays if the disk gets full. Also Gunicorn may refuse to start if it can't create the files when the disk is full. Currently to avoid these problems you can use a ``tmpfs`` mount (for a new directory or for ``/tmp``) and pass its path to ``--worker-tmp-dir``. First, check whether your ``/tmp`` is disk-backed or RAM-backed:: $ df /tmp Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on /dev/xvda1 ... ... ... ... / No luck. If you are using Fedora or Ubuntu, you should already have a ``tmpfs`` mount at ``/dev/shm``:: $ df /dev/shm Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on tmpfs ... ... ... ... /dev/shm In this case you can set ``--worker-tmp-dir /dev/shm``, otherwise you can create a new ``tmpfs`` mount:: sudo cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab.orig sudo mkdir /mem echo 'tmpfs /mem tmpfs defaults,size=64m,mode=1777,noatime,comment=for-gunicorn 0 0' | sudo tee -a /etc/fstab sudo mount /mem Check the result:: $ df /mem Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on tmpfs 65536 0 65536 0% /mem Now you can set ``--worker-tmp-dir /mem``. Why are Workers Silently Killed? -------------------------------------------------------------- A sometimes subtle problem to debug is when a worker process is killed and there is little logging information about what happened. If you use a reverse proxy like NGINX you might see 502 returned to a client. In the gunicorn logs you might simply see ``[35] [INFO] Booting worker with pid: 35`` It's completely normal for workers to be stop and start, for example due to max-requests setting. Ordinarily gunicorn will capture any signals and log something. This particular failure case is usually due to a SIGKILL being received, as it's not possible to catch this signal silence is usually a common side effect! A common cause of SIGKILL is when OOM killer terminates a process due to low memory condition. This is increasingly common in container deployments where memory limits are enforced by cgroups, you'll usually see evidence of this from dmesg:: dmesg | grep gunicorn Memory cgroup out of memory: Kill process 24534 (gunicorn) score 1506 or sacrifice child Killed process 24534 (gunicorn) total-vm:1016648kB, anon-rss:550160kB, file-rss:25824kB, shmem-rss:0kB In these instances adjusting the memory limit is usually your best bet, it's also possible to configure OOM not to send SIGKILL by default.